INTRODUCTION:

There are medicinal properties in all plants. The role that plants play in modern medicine is crucial, and the majority of countries throughout the world are interested in re-discovering old medicinal plants in an effort to locate new active compounds that can be utilised to treat disease. The prevalence of diseases, on the other hand, that are caused by pathogens like bacteria, fungi, and viruses is increasing. These microbes can cause mild, severe, or fatal illnesses in humans, depending on the severity of the infection. Over the past few decades, there has been an increase in interest worldwide in studying pathological skin conditions brought on by hard-to-detect bacteria, fungi, and other organisms that provide many clinical challenges.

Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms that have developed in skin wounds will have serious consequences and be resistant to treatment. On the other hand, natural phytochemical compounds contain antibacterial and antifungal properties and can boost host-pathogen resistance. Moreover, the phytocompounds found in herbal creams adversely affected a person's resistance to pathogenic illness. Herbal medications are defined as plants or plant components that have been harvested, dried, and stored in a controlled environment to create phytopharmaceuticals.

It also includes other unprocessed plant-based products including gum, essential oils, fatty oils, and resin that no longer display any organic structure. Over 50,000 distinct medicinal plants were reportedly used globally in 2002, according to the Food and Agriculture Organization.

The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew more conservatively calculated in 2016 that 17,810 plant species have a medicinal purpose out of around 30,000 plants for which a utilisation of any form is documented. Herbal medicines are typically used to treat chronic illnesses rather than those that are life-threatening, as well as to promote good health. But when modern medicine falls short in treating an illness, as it does with advanced cancer and newly developing infectious diseases, more people turn to traditional therapies.

LIMITATIONS:

a. Compared to allopathic dose forms, herbal medicines have slower acting effects and need for long-term therapy.

b. It is difficult to cover off their taste and colour.

c. The production process is complicated and time-consuming.

d. No pharmacopoeia lays out in detail the procedure or ingredients that must be used in any herbal cosmetic.

The Flacourtiaceae family member Hydnocarpus kurzii is more frequently referred to as "Chaulmoogra." This tree grows naturally in Thailand, Myanmar, and India. Mostly found in India's Assam and Tripura, this tree. One of its products is Chaulmoogra Oil, which is made from the tree's seeds.

The fixed oil content of ripe seeds ranges from 40 to 45 percent. This oil is made by putting the kernels through a hydraulic press and pressing them. Chaulmoogra Oil tastes harsh and unpleasant. It is a yellowish to brownish colour. Chemical esters of hydnocarpic acid (48%) and palmitic acid (glycerides) (27%) are also found.

Chaulmoogra Oil has been utilised in Ayurveda since the beginning of time to treat leprosy and other skin problems. The oil is applied both internally and externally. In 1854, English doctor Frederic John Mouat introduced this oil to Western medicine. Mouat learned about this oil while working as a professor of medicine at the Bengal Medical College. He conducted experiments on leprosy patients and had good results. He dressed the patients' external lesions with oil. He gave the patient a tablet that had been internally prepared by grinding the seeds. He asserted that the ulcers healed and the patients got healthier.

The interest in and use of pharmaceuticals and dietary supplements derived from plants has grown recently. The world is being searched for phytochemicals and "leads" that could be utilised to treat infectious diseases by scientists working in the departments of ethnopharmacology, botany, microbiology, and natural product chemistry. None of the drugs used today, despite 25 to 50 percent of them coming from plants, are antimicrobials. The success of traditional healers, who have used plants to treat or prevent infectious diseases for ages, is being attempted by western medicine. Plants contain a large number of secondary metabolites, such as tannins, terpenoids, and phytochemicals having antibacterial properties. Because many of these chemicals are already available as unregulated botanical preparations and because public usage of them is expanding swiftly, clinicians must consider the impact of patients utilising these botanical preparations for self-medication.

Distribution of Hydnocarpus Species ^2-5:

The Major Source of Chaulmoogra Oil:

The genus Hydnocarpus Gartner, which is present throughout South East Asia, mainly in the Indo-Malay region, contains about 40 species of trees and occasionally shrubs (Mabberley, 2005). The five species that have been reported from India are H. alpine (Wight), H. kurzii (King), H. macrocarpa (Beddome), H. pentandra (Buch.-Ham.) Oken., and H. pendulus Manilal. Every species, with the exception of H. kurzii, is unique to India; H. kurzii is native to India, Bangladesh, and Myanmar (Mitra, 1993). H. anthelminthica is an Indo-Chinese species, but H. venenata is native to Sri Lanka. Among the Hydnocarpus species, H. pentandra (Buch. Ham.), Oken (also known as H. wightiana Blume and H. laurifolia (Dennst.) Sleumer) is the most major source of chaulmoogra oil. H. pentandrais is a dioecious, evergreen, medium-sized tree that is indigenous to south India and can reach heights of 600m.

The globose fruits (5–10cm in diameter) contain 15-20 sub-ovoid, harsh-tasting, yellowish seeds. Pharmacognosy of the seed powder reveals many stone cells, scleroids, and prismatic calcium oxalate crystals that are frequently coated with colouring pigment (Anomymous, 2008). Another important source of chaulmoogra oil is H. kurzii ssp. Australis Sleumer (syn. Taraktogenos kurzii King, H. castanea Hook. F.), which is found in the Indo-Tibet region. The species of Hydnocarpus include H. alcalae, H. cauliflora, H. dawnensis, H. hutchinsonii, H. ovoidea, H. subfalcata, H. verrucosa, and H. woodie.

Morphology of Hydnocarpous kurzii:

This semi-deciduous tree can grow to a height of ten metres (33feet). Bark that is cracked and browned with a reddish flame. Branchlets have very fine velvet hair and are spherical. Plain, alternate leaves are supported by stalks that range in length from 0.7 to 2.2cm (0.28 to 0.87 in). With a sharp, pointed tip that regularly breaks off, a thin base, and a serrated, papery border, the leaves are normally oblong to elliptic-oblong, 8cm to 23cm long by 3.5cm to 10cm wide (3.1 in to 9.1 in by 1.4 in to 3.9 in). Over the raised midrib are 5-7 pairs of secondary nerves. Although occasionally seen by itself in the axils of the leaves, its blooms have greenish white petals and are held in short racemes or cymes. The blooming takes place from January through April. Its berries have a woody, spherical, tomentose appearance, are originally black before turning brown as they ripen, and measure 6-10cm (2.4-3.9 in) in diameter. There are numerous seeds in them.

Trees that yield chaulmoogra oil can grow to a height of 12–15m (39–49ft), and in India, they bear fruit in August and September. The fruits are oval in shape, with a diameter of around 10cm, and have a thick, woody rind (3.9in). They contain 10 to 16 black seeds that are internally enmeshed in the apple pulp. Over 20% of the fruit's weight is made up of its seeds. Each year, an average tree may produce 20 kilogrammes (44 lb) of seed. The kernels have a pale-yellow oil content of 63% and weigh 60–70% of the seed.

Plant Profile ⁶

Synonyms: Hydnocarpus oil and gynocardia oil

Biological Source: The fixed oil known as chaulmoogra is made from the ripe seeds of plants such as Taraktogenos kurzii King, also known as Hydnocarpus kurzii (King) Warb., Hydnocarpus wightiana Blume, Hydnocarpus anthelminticta Pierre, Hydnocarpus heterophylla, and other species of Hydnocarpus that are members of the Flacourtiaceae family.

Geographical Source:

Native to Burma, Thailand, eastern India, and Indo-China, the plants are tall trees that can reach heights of up to 17m and have a narrow crown of hanging branches.

Characteristics:

The oil is brownish yellow or yellow. It is a soft solid below 25°C. It tastes harsh and has an odd odour. It is soluble in ether, petrol, benzene, chloroform, and hot alcohol, as well as carbon disulfide, where it is practically completely soluble

Fig no: 1. Plant of Chaulmoogra

Fig no: 2. Seed of Chaulmoogra

The fixed oils that are released from the seeds of the majority of Hydnocarpus genus members of the Flacourtiaceae family are known together as chaulmoogra oil. for the treatment of skin conditions like leprosy. These oils are primarily composed of unsaturated cyclic fatty acids called hydnocarpic, (1 1-(cyclopent-2'-enyl)-undecanoic, chaulmoogric, (13-(cyclopent-2'-enyl)-tridecanoic), and gorlic acids, which do not appear to be present in any other seed fats other than those belonging to the Flacourtiaceae family. Nonetheless, it has been reported in the past that certain of the seed lipids of Hydnocarpus species lack these acids.

Physical characteristics and composition of oil:⁷

Table No.1: Physical Properties of oil

Physical properties of oil	Range
Refractive index, at 40℃	98-103
Iodine value	98-103
Saponification value	198-204
Acid value	Max. 25.0%
Melting Point	20-25 °C
Specific gravity (at 25 °C)	0.95-900°C

Pharmacological Activity:

· Antirheumatic, Antimicrobial

· Bactericidal

· Antitubercular, Antipsoriatic

· Antileprotic, Ringworm- and gout-treating,

· Ringworm- and gout-treating,

Important Ayurvedic medicinal uses of Chaulmoogra Oil^10-12:

· Ringworm/Tinea corporis (Dad): Combine 10ml of Chaulmoogra Oil and 50g of Vaseline well. Use this concoction to treat the ringworm. Chaulmoogra Oil mixed with butter should be applied to the affected skin region for ringworm treatment.

· Leprosy: This oil is used topically and orally to treat leprosy. The patient receives 10 drops orally to start, which causes them to vomit. The next step is to mix 5–6 drops of oil with milk or butter, which is then administered orally twice daily. 60 drops is the maximum dosage, which is gradually increased over time. To apply topically to the skin for external uses, neem oil is diluted with oil.

· Blood vitiation: 5 drops of Chaulmoogra Oil taken orally with butter is good.

· Itching: The oil is administered externally after being diluted with Castor oil.

Traditional medicinal uses of chaulmoogra oil and Hydnocarpus species: ^13-15

Man discovered that some plants were harmful and others were healing during the search for food. Traditional herbal medicine systems finally emerged as a result of generations of people putting these discoveries to the test. Even after the creation of modern pharmaceuticals, the majority of the population still relies on traditional herbal therapeutic systems. The three most well-known Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani are examples of traditional medical practises. The seeds and oil of H. wightiana are mentioned in numerous pieces of Ayurveda literature, including Astangahrydayam, Atrisamhita, Susruta Samhita, Dhanvantari Nighantu, Kaiyadeva Nighantu, and Gunapatham

The ancient Ayurvedic classic Sushruta Samhita, which dates back to 600 B.C., mentions the frequent use of "Tuvaraka" seed (Hydnocarpus sp.) as a powerful treatment against "Kushta" and to purify the body (leprosy). Descriptions of H. wightiana can be found in Hortus Malabaricus, a 12-volume work on the medicinal plants of "Malabar" that Van Rheede compiled and published in Amsterdam in 1686. (Manilal, 2003). Astringent, bitter, thermogenic, emollient, depurative, vermifuge, anodyne, purgative, emetic, carminative, stomachic, suppurative, alternat, haematinic, and tonic are all properties of the seeds and oil. Leprosy, skin conditions, pruritus, leucoderma, dermatitis, eczema, bronchopathy, scrofula, sprains, bruising, tubercular laryngitis, chronic ulcers, dyspepsia, colic, flatulence, verminosis, diabetes, wounds, ulcers, and scald head might all benefit from their use

The medicinal properties of the seed oil have been illustrated in ‘Hortus Malabaricus’ as good for relieving pains, healing scabby bodies and removing itching from the affected parts when smeared with it. The oil is also good for eyes irritated with salty liquids and the oil mixed with ash is useful against wounds of cattle Equal portions of the oil and lime water were used as a liniment for scald head. The oil is combined with equal parts of Jatropha curcas oil, sulphur, camphor, and lime juice for use in scabby eruptions (Kirtikar and Basu, 2004). Moreover, H. wightiana is promoted as having potent anti-diabetic properties in conventional Indian medicine In south India's Siddha school of traditional medicine, the plant is used to treat leucoderma

Adverse-effects and Warning:

1. Chaulmoogra Oil is extremely irritating and bitter.

2. This oil is emetic and laxative.

3. Oral intake of 3-4 drops of oil can cause nausea and vomiting. The dose is dependent of digestive tolerance.

4. The oil should be taken with butter, only after the meal.

5. Chaulmoogra is unsafe when taken by mouth because it contains cyanide and might cause cyanide poisoning.

6. It can cause cough, difficulty breathing, throat spasms, kidney damage, visual disorders, head and muscle pain, and paralysis when taken by mouth.

7. Chaulmoogra Oil is unique in that it contains high amounts of special cyclic fatty acids that have antimicrobial activity.

8. Together with 5'-methoxyhydnocarpin, a compound that helps to prevent multidrug resistance in some bacteria, makes the oil ideal for treating skin.

Traditional uses of Hydnocarpus species ^16-20

Table No: 4 Traditional uses of Hydnocarpus species

Species	Parts Used	Traditionaluse	Country
H. anthelminthicus Pierreex Laness	Seed	Leprosy, dermatoss,	China, India
H. alpinus Wight	Leaf Bark-decocotion	Cancer, Dermato logical disorder,	Thailand India
H. castaneus Hook.f.and Thomson	Seed	Skin infection and leprosy	India

Various extraction methods for Chaulmoogra Oil^21-25

1. Infusion:

To make a fresh infusion, macerate the raw medication in either cold or boiling water for a brief amount of time. These are diluted solutions of the components of crude medication that are easily soluble.

2. Decoction:

In this procedure, the raw medication is cooked for a predetermined amount of time in a predetermined amount of water, after which it is cooled and dyed or filtered. This method works well for extracting elements that are both heat- and water-soluble. The "guath" or "kawath" Ayurveda extracts are commonly prepared using this method. The initial ratio of the crude drug to the water is set, for example, at 1:4 or 1:16, and during the extraction process, the volume is boiled to reduce it to one-fourth of its initial volume. The concentrated extract is then filtered, used as is, or put through other processing.

3. Maceration:

This process involves placing the entire or coarsely powdered crude medication in a stoppered container with the solvent and letting it stand at room temperature for at least three days while stirring often to ensure that the soluble stuff dissolves. After staining the mixture and pressing the marc (the wet solid material), the combined liquids are purified by filtration or decantation.

4. Resonance:

The method most frequently employed to extract active components for tinctures and fluid extracts is this one. In most cases, a percolator—a thin, conical vessel open at both ends—is utilised. A suitable amount of the specified menstruum is used to wet the solid ingredient, which is then left to stand for about 4 hours in a tightly closed container before the mass is packed and the percolator's top is closed. The combination is given 24 hours to macerate in the closed percolator after additional menstruum is added to create a thin layer above the mass. The liquid inside the percolator is then let to trickle slowly by opening the percolator's outlet. When the percolate is about three-quarters of the way to the finished product's desired volume, more menstruum is added as necessary. Menstruum is added to create the necessary volume, and the resulting mixture is purified by filtration or by standing followed by decanting.

5. Hot Continuous Extraction (Soxhlet):

With this technique, the crude drug is finely powdered and placed in a poupous bag or "thimble" made of sturdy filter paper. This bag or "thimble" is then placed in the chamber of a "Soxhlet apparatus." Heat is applied to the extracting solvent in the flask, and the condenser collects the resulting vapours. To extract the crude medicine by touch, the condensed extract drips into the thimble containing it. The liquid in the chamber flows into the flask when the level of the chamber rises above the top of the syphon tube. This procedure is continued until a solvent drop from the syphon tube evaporates without leaving any residue. This method has the advantage of being able to extract significant amounts of medication with much less solvent than the previously stated method. Time, energy, and subsequently money inputs are all greatly reduced as a result of these impacts. It is only used at small scales as a batch process, but it becomes significantly more When made into a continuous extraction process on a medium or large scale, it becomes more viable and affordable.

6. Ultrasound Extraction (Sonication):

By increasing the permeability of cell walls and creating cavitation, the method uses ultrasound with frequencies between 20 kHz and 2000 kHz. Although while the method is helpful in particular situations, such as the extraction of rauwolfia roots, its large-scale adoption is constrained by the higher costs. One drawback of the process is the occasionally seen but known harmful effect of ultrasonic energy (more than 20kHz) on the active components of medicinal plants through the creation of free radicals and subsequently unfavourable alterations in the drug molecules

Chaulmoogra oil in treatment of psoriasis:

Psoriasis ^26-31

A chronic immune-mediated condition known as psoriasis is characterised by keratinocyte hyperproliferation and inadequate differentiation. The autoimmune origin and complex makeup of disease. It is characterised by relapsing episodes of hyperkeratotic plaques and inflammatory skin lesions with lymphocyte-rich inflammatory cell infiltration. In addition to causing endothelial vascular changes in the dermal layer, such as angiogenesis, blood vessel dilatation, and the formation of high endothelial venules (HEVs), cytokines secreted by activated T cells alter the normal process of cell proliferation and differentiation in keratinocytes of epidermal layers. Histologically speaking, psoriatic skin exhibits parakerototic stratum corneum with epidermal acanthosis brought on by keratinocyte hyperproliferation and inadequate differentiation. Other defining characteristics of histology include the presence of dilated tortuous blood arteries, widespread infiltration of mono-nuclear immune cells in the dermis, and tiny foci of polymorphonuclear leucocytes in the stratum corneum. Figure 1 depicts a visual representation of the pathogenesis of psoriasis

According to epidemiological statistics, the condition affects 2.5% of the global population, with a substantially higher incidence in Japan and a very low incidence in the Indian and Chinese populations (0.7% and 0.3%, respectively). It is believed that a complicated combination between hereditary genetics and environmental factors, including cigarette smoke, alcohol consumption, oxidative stress, physical trauma, and bacterial infections, results in the development of psoriasis. Topical therapy (for mild disease), phototherapy (for mild to moderate illness), systemic therapy utilising oral medications, and more recent biological as injections are some of the therapeutic options for psoriasis (severe disease). Psoriasis can never be fully cured by any of these treatment options, and managing the condition is never easy. Also, the majority of systemic medications that are usually used to treat the disease are known to have serious side effects and are thought to be brought on by the buildup of drug-invitro systems over time. There aren't enough long-term safety data for newer medications such biologics.

Fig No. 3 Schematic representations of pathogenesis of psoriasis.

Treatment for psoriasis in combination with chaulmoogra oil and Methotrexate (MTX) ^32-36:

Since 1972, methotrexate (MTX) has been used to treat moderate to severe psoriasis systemically. Traditionally, it is administered parenterally and orally to treat psoriasis. Due to its cytotoxic, immune-suppressing, and anti-inflammatory properties, the medication seems to provide clinical effects in psoriasis.

The drug's cytotoxic effects prevent keratinocytes and T cells from proliferating excessively, which eliminates acanthosis and cytokine release by T cells. Moreover, ICAM-1 and E-selectin, two cell adhesion molecules implicated in the chemotactic migration of lymphocytes towards inflamed skin, have been reported to be downregulated by methotrexate.

Moreover, methotrexate is said to increase cellular adenosine levels, which contribute to its anti-inflammatory properties and clinical effectiveness in the treatment of psoriasis.

Around 30–90% of individuals receiving methotrexate experience side effects, which can range from mild nausea to severe, life-threatening pancytopoenia and necessitate lowering dosages or, in rare cases, stopping treatment altogether. Methotrexate is frequently associated with liver, bone marrow, renal, and pulmonary damage.

For the safe application of this medication for psoriasis, the FDA has published a number of guidelines. According to these recommendations, vital functions must be examined before starting methotrexate therapy and must be checked periodically while it is being administered. It is imperative that methotrexate be delivered topically in order to minimise systemic adverse drug reactions (ADRs).

The first line of defence in the treatment of psoriasis is topical medication applied to the skin. Topical therapy, whether used alone or in conjunction with photo, systemic, or biologic therapy, is the mainstay of the chosen disease's management. There are many medications, including retinoids, vitamin D analogues, and steroids, that can be applied topically to treat mild to moderate illness. The topical treatment is more practical due to its straightforward and direct application to the focused psoriatic lesions, lack of systemic adverse medication reactions, practicability, and non-invasiveness, which together have enhanced patient compliance. Thus, efforts are being made to enhance methotrexate's topical administration in an effort to lessen its systemic side effects in psoriasis. However, the hydrophilic property of the medication, which is primarily in ionised form at physiological pH and has a limited ability for passive diffusion through skin, has prevented methotrexate from being delivered topically.

By combining a combination of hydrophilic (HPMC) and hydrophobic polymers (EC), a matrix-type transdermal film of methotrexate was created. The transdermal flow in this instance falls short of the desired level, and there is a lack of experimental data utilising a psoriatic model. To enhance the topical distribution of methotrexate, transdermal ionophoretic delivery was developed. To increase methotrexate's skin permeability, a deformable liposome containing oleic acid was created. It has been observed that a nanostructured lipid carrier for methotrexate, when combined with calcipotriol, increases stratum corneum permeability. The impact of these systems on genuine in vivo psoriatic models is not examined in any of these investigations, which are instead restricted to in vitro data exclusively. Chitosan was used as the polymer in a niosomal methotrexate gel that was clinically tested on psoriatic patients. It is not possible to consider the approach to be clinically effective in this case because the reduction in Psoriatic Area Severity Index (PASI) achieved is less than 75%.

The literature that is now accessible therefore demonstrated the urgent need for a novel carrier system for the efficient topical delivery of methotrexate in psoriasis. To achieve clinical effectiveness without causing systemic toxicity, an optimal topical formulation of methotrexate should be able to offer enough skin permeation and effective drug localization to deep skin layers

The use of nano emulsions is one method that is gaining a lot of attention for improving the penetration of poorly watersoluble medicines through the skin A small coating of emulsifier stabilises the oil droplets containing the medicine in nanoemulsions, which are isotropic and kinetically stable emulsion systems. The mean droplet diameter ranges from 50 to 1000 nm, and they appear to be either transparent (droplet diameter 200 nm) or milky (droplet diameter 500 nm).

The system can remain dispersed without flocculation or coalescence thanks to their long-term physical stability and small nanosized droplet size, which also provides improved thermodynamic stability. The potential use of nanoemulsion formulations as multifunctional nano carriers in the treatment of pain and illnesses has been thoroughly investigated.

A small coating of emulsifier stabilises the oil droplets containing the medicine in nanoemulsions, which are isotropic and kinetically stable emulsion systems. The mean droplet diameter ranges from 50 to 1000 nm, and they appear to be either transparent (droplet diameter 200 nm) or milky (droplet diameter 500 nm).

The system can remain dispersed without flocculation or coalescence thanks to their long-term physical stability and small nanosized droplet size, which also provides improved thermodynamic stability. Formulations for nanoemulsions are thoroughly researched for prospective use as Chinese traditional medicine is used to treat a variety of skin conditions. Bioactive fatty acids such chaulmoogric acid and hydno carpic acid are present, which is why it has an effect.

According to reports, the seed oil has phagocytic action against Mycobacterium leprae and is useful for treating leprosy. Hydnocarpin and methoxy hydnocarpin, two flavono lignans derived from seeds, had hypolipidemic effects on mice and had strong in vivo anti-inflammatory and anti-neoplastic effects on mice ³⁶.

Chaulmoogra oil reduces skin lesions, erythema, and irritation while also acting as a skin-pigmenting agent. Tween 80 (HLB-15) was chosen because of its excellent chemical stability, low toxicity, and high degree of compatibility with other formula ingredients.

This project's goal is to create methotrexate-loaded o/w nanoemulsion using chaulmoogra oil for topical methotrexate delivery in psoriasis in order to lessen the systemic toxicity compared to methotrexate tablets that are taken orally.

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Received on 28.04.2023 Modified on 30.05.2023

Res. J. Pharmacognosy and Phytochem. 2023; 15(4):311-318.

DOI: 10.52711/0975-4385.2023.00049

Sr. No.	Hydnocarpus species	Major constituents (%)	Reference
1	H. Alpinia	Hydnocarpic, chaulmoogric, oleic and palmitic acids.	Zhang et al. 1989
2	H. Kurzii	Chaulmoogric (29.6), gorlic (25.1), hydnocarpic (25.0), palmitic (8.4) palmitoleic (6.0) and oleic (5.4) acids, Hydnocarpic (34.9), goric acid (22.6), chaulmoogric (22.5) and oleic (14.6) acids.	Sengupt et al. 1973 Cole and cardose,1939.
3	H. Odorata	Linoleic (31.1), linoleic (29.3), oleic (21.8) and palmitic (11.8) acids.	Sengupta et. al.1973
4	H. Wightiana	Chaulmoogric (35.0),Hynocarpic(33.9),gorlic(12.8) and palmitic(5.6) acids.	Sengupta et.al 1973. Mehta and

Sr. no	Trivial name	Chemical name	Structure
1.	Chaulmoogric acid	(1S)-2- Cyclopentene-1-tridecanoic acid
2.	Hydnocarpic acid	(1R)-2- Cyclopentene-1- undecanoic acid
3.	Gorlic acid	(E)-13- cyclopent-2-en1-yltridec-6- enoic aci